Richardson: First experience of the Being-question

English

The first question in your letter reads: “How are we properly to understand your first experience of the Being-question in Brentano?” “In Brentano.” You have in mind the fact that the first philosophical text through which I worked my way, again and again from 1907 on, was Franz Brentano’s dissertation: On the Manifold Sense of Being in Aristotle (1862). On the title page of his work, Brentano quotes Aristotle’s phrase: to on legetai pollachos. I translate: “A being becomes manifest (sc. with regard to its Being) in many ways.” Latent in this phrase is the question that determined the way of my thought: what is the pervasive, simple, unified determination of Being that permeates all of its multiple meanings? This question raised others: What, then, does Being mean? To what extent (why and how) does the Being of beings unfold in the four modes which Aristotle constantly affirms, but whose common origin he leaves undetermined ? One need but run over the names assigned to them in the language of the philosophical tradition to be struck by the fact that they seem, at first, irreconcilable: Being as property, Being as possibility and actuality, Being as truth, Being as schema of the categories. What sense of Being comes to expression in these four headings? How can they be brought into comprehensible accord ?

This accord can not be grasped without first raising and settling the question: whence does Being as such (not merely beings as beings) receive its determination?

Meanwhile a decade went by and a great deal of swerving and straying through the history of Western philosophy was needed for the above questions to reach even an initial clarity. To gain this clarity three insights were decisive, though, to be sure, not yet sufficient for the venture of analysing the Being-question as a question about the sense of Being.

Dialogues with Husserl provided the immediate experience of the phenomenological method that prepared the concept of phenomenology explained in the Introduction to Being and Time (§7). In this evolution a normative role was played by the reference back to fundamental words of Greek thought which I interpreted accordingly: logos (to make manifest) and phainesthai (to show oneself).

A renewed study of the Aristotelian treatises (especially Book IX of the Metaphysics and Book VI of the Nicomachean Ethics) resulted in the insight into aletheuein as a process of re-vealment, and in the characterisation of truth as non-concealment, to which all self-manifestation of beings pertains. Only someone who is thinking superficially or, indeed, not thinking at all can content himself with the observation that Heidegger conceives truth as non-concealment. As if with a-letheia what is properly worthy-of-thought did not take merely a first approximate form.1 The situation is not improved by proposing the translation “non-forgotten-ness” in place of “non-concealment.” For “forgotten-ness” (too) must be thought in Greek fashion as withdrawal into concealment. Correspondingly, the counter-phenomenon to forgetting, (sc.) remembering, must receive a (genuinely) Greek interpretation which sees it as a striving after, an attaining to, the non-concealed. Plato’s anamnesis of the Ideas implies: catching-sight-once-again, (hence) the revealing, of beings, sc. in that by which they shine-forth.

With the insight into aletheia as non-concealment came recognition of the fundamental trait of ousia, the Being of beings: presence. But a literal translation, sc. a translation that thought draws out of the matter itself, is expressive only when the heart of the matter, in this case Presence as such, is brought before thought. The disquieting, ever watchful question about Being under the guise of Presence (Present) developed into the question about Being in terms of its time-character. As soon as this happened, it became clear that the traditional concept of time was in no respect adequate even for correctly posing the question concerning the time-character of Presence, to say nothing of answering it. Time became questionable in the same way as Being. The ecstatic-horizontal temporality delineated in Being and Time is not by any means already the most proper attribute of time that must be sought in answer to the Being-question.

Subsequent to this tentative clarification of aletheia and ousia, the meaning and scope of the principle of phenomenology, “to the things themselves,” became clear. As my familiarity with phenomenology grew, no longer merely through literature but by actual practice, the question about Being, aroused by Brentano’s work, nevertheless remained always in view. So it was that doubt arose whether the “thing itself” was to be characterised as intentional consciousness, or even as the transcendental ego. If, indeed, phenomenology, as the process of letting things manifest themselves, should characterise the standard method of philosophy, and if from ancient times the guide-question of philosophy has perdured in the most diverse forms as the question about the Being of beings, then Being had to remain the first and last thing-itself of thought.

Meanwhile “phenomenology” in Husserl’s sense was elaborated into a distinctive philosophical position according to a pattern set by Descartes, Kant and Fichte. The historicity of thought remained completely foreign to such a position (see the too little observed work of Husserl: “Philosophy as a strict Science,” which appeared 1910-11 in the review Logos, pp. 289 ff.).

The Being-question, unfolded in Being and Time, parted company with this philosophical position, and that on the basis of what to this day I still consider a more faithful adherence to the principle of phenomenology.

What a few strokes can thus sketch, in retrospect that verges constantly on retractatio, was, in its historical reality, a tangled process, inscrutable even to me.2] This process inevitably remained captive to contemporary modes of (re)presentation and language, and was accompanied by inadequate explanations of its own intentions.

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  1. Translator’s note. Possibly: “… As if (it wore) not with a-letheia (that) what is properly speaking worthy-of-thought reached a first liminal appearance….”[↩]
  2. [Translator’s note. We retain the Latin form retractatio, because: the English “retractation,” in the sense of “recantation,” is obviously incoherent with the author’s intention, which warrants rather the notion of “retouching” (“retreatment,” “rethinking”) suggested by the Latin; the translation “retouching,” though consistent with the metaphor contained in the text, fails to retain the apparently deliberate allusion to St. Augustine which retractatio contains.[↩]
  3. Heidegger presenta, en el semestre de invierno de 1923/24, la remisión por vía etimológica del concepto de fenomenología a sus precedentes griegos. La noción plena —que implica la tematización de ocultamiento y desocultamiento (v. nota 3)— es alcanzada por primera vez en el semestre de verano de 1925.[↩]
  4. Los estudios aristotélicos a que se refiere Heidegger, y que están acreditados por su propia enseñanza en Freiburg y Marburg, se extienden desde 1921 a 1924. La comprensión de aletheia como desocultamiento se configura por primera vez a fines de 1922, en la traducción de textos de la Etica Nicomaquea.[↩]
  5. La fijación de este “rasgo” parece haberse producido en 1924, en relación con los análisis de la Etica Nicomaquea. El plexo de relaciones entre Anwesenheit, Gegenwart y Präsenz es explorado por Heidegger entre 1924 y 1926, y debía ser sistemáticamente expuesto en la Tercera Sección de Ser y Tiempo, que fue abortada. Véase, a propósito de esto, el curso “Problemas fundamentales de la fenomenología” (Gesamtausgabe, vol. 24).[↩]
  6. En la docencia de Heidegger, la fenomenología hace su aparición temática en el semestre de verano de 1919; las “ejercitaciones prácticas” en sentido propio cubren un vasto periodo, desde 1919/20 hasta 1928/29, en que se lleva a cabo el último par de seminarios con el nombre expreso de “Ejercicios fenomenológicos”.[↩]

Heidegger – Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica

Responsáveis: João e Murilo Cardoso de Castro

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