estudos:wilberg:wilberg-hmsm-1-ponderando-o-metodo-cientifico
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| + | ====== Ponderando o método científico (HMSM:1) ====== | ||
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| + | //Data: 2021-02-25 18:12// | ||
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| + | ==== Heidegger, Medicine & ‘Scientific Method’. The Unheeded Message of the Zollikon Seminars. ==== | ||
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| + | === Heidegger and Scientific Method === | ||
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| + | //WILBERG, Peter. Heidegger, Medicine & ‘Scientific Method’. The Unheeded Message of the Zollikon Seminars. Eastbourne: New Gnosis Publications, | ||
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| + | <tabbox Tradução> | ||
| + | Vamos antes de tudo desconstruir o que pode ser denominado mito do " | ||
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| + | 1. Observação e descrição de um fenômeno. | ||
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| + | 2. Formulação de uma hipótese que explica o fenômeno. | ||
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| + | 3. Uso da hipótese para prever outros fenômenos. | ||
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| + | 4. Experimentos controlados projetados para testar essas previsões. | ||
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| + | 5. Validação de seus resultados por pesquisadores independentes. | ||
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| + | As primeiras e mais importantes questões levantadas por esta autodefinição são aquelas que ela notavelmente falha em abordar. As perguntas são: | ||
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| + | 1. O que conta como um fenômeno em primeiro lugar? | ||
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| + | 2. Que prestação de conta se faz do fenômeno ele mesmo? | ||
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| + | 3. De que maneiras pode se prestar conta do fenômeno? | ||
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| + | Estas questões são de importância metodológica fundamental, | ||
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| + | O próprio Heidegger dá vários exemplos de fenômenos aos quais as perguntas se aplicam, entre eles “dor e lágrimas”. Antes de podermos formular e confirmar uma hipótese " | ||
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| + | As lágrimas são um fenômeno somático, um fenômeno psíquico ou um fenômeno " | ||
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| + | 1. O que conta como fenômeno é apenas aquilo que podemos observar externamente - gotas fluidas mensuráveis produzidas pelos olhos. | ||
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| + | 2. Nosso relato sobre o que são as lágrimas como fenômeno não fará distinção entre chorar de tristeza e olhos marejados. | ||
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| + | 3. Podemos prestar conta das lágrimas apenas sugerindo mecanismos de causação fisiológica ou " | ||
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| + | No entanto, qual possível experimento poderia ser concebido para fornecer evidências quantitativas " | ||
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| + | Heidegger prossegue enfatizando que o fato de falarmos de alguém que sofre menos ou mais intensamente não significa que estamos falando de uma quantidade mensurável de luto, mas sim de sua qualidade. Estamos nos referindo à profundidade e intensidade qualitativas. Quanto às lágrimas que supostamente podem ser explicadas como algo " | ||
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| + | Heidegger passa a questionar como as coisas estão com o fenômeno da dor, comparando, por exemplo, a dor do luto com algum tipo de dor corporal. | ||
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| + | “Como estão as coisas em relação a estas ' | ||
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| + | Qualquer explicação que possamos dar em termos de dor como um fenômeno, ou qualquer tipologia de fenômenos de dor que possamos construir - distinguindo dor somática e emocional, dor real e imaginária, | ||
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| + | O método científico moderno descarta com antecedência como possíveis objetos de investigação científica todos os fenômenos que não podem ser reduzidos a " | ||
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| + | Embora a ciência seja em si uma atividade humana que pressupõe a existência de seres humanos conscientes, | ||
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| + | O que nos resta então, é um " | ||
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| + | 1) Esquece que o reconhecer [awareness] é a condição para a nossa observação e medição de quaisquer fenômenos que sejam | ||
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| + | 2) Toma nosso reconhecer dos fenômenos como certo ou busca reduzir este reconhecer a um fenômeno entre outros | ||
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| + | 3) É baseado em postulações não verificáveis de energias físicas e entidades inacessíveis ao reconhecer direto | ||
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| + | 4) É incapaz, em princípio, de explicar como o reconhecer pode surgir dentro de um universo fundamentalmente inconsciente de matéria e energia | ||
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| + | 5) Assume o reconhecer dos fenômenos do próprio cientista sem " | ||
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| + | Alguém pode perguntar como um conceito tão flagrantemente autocontraditório de " | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | Let us first of all deconstruct what might be termed the myth of ‘scientific method’ as this is currently understood: a set of rational procedures guaranteed to eliminate mere dogma from “true” scientific knowledge, distinguish empirical fact from mere belief or hypothesis. So what exactly is the modern scientific “method” - that veritable barricade of investigative procedures designed to defend institutionalized science from empty supposition or pseudo-science? | ||
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| + | 1. Observation and description of a phenomenon. | ||
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| + | 2. Formulation of a hypothesis that explains the phenomenon. | ||
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| + | 3. Use of the hypothesis to predict other phenomena. | ||
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| + | 4. Controlled experiments designed to test these predictions. | ||
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| + | 5. Validation of their results by independent researchers. | ||
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| + | The first and most important questions raised by this self-definition are those it notably fails to address. The questions are: | ||
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| + | 1. What counts as a phenomenon in the first place? | ||
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| + | 2. What account is given of the phenomenon itself? | ||
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| + | 3. In what ways can the phenomenon be accounted for? | ||
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| + | These questions are of fundamental methodological significance, | ||
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| + | Heidegger himself gives several examples of phenomena to which the questions apply, amongst them “grief and tears”. Before we can formulate and confirm a ‘scientific’ hypothesis to explain the phenomenon of ‘tears’ for example, we must first ask ourselves what the phenomenon itself essentially is. Within the modern scientific method however, what counts as a phenomenon is above all that which is countable - measurable. To which Heidegger counters: “In reality you can never measure tears; rather when you measure, it is at best a fluid and its drops that you measure, but not tears.” | ||
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| + | Are tears a somatic phenomenon, a psychical phenomenon or a ‘psychosomatic’ phenomenon - the somatic effect of a psychical phenomenon such as ‘grief’? | ||
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| + | 1. What counts as a phenomenon is only that which we can observe outwardly - measurable fluid drops produced by the eyes. | ||
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| + | 2. Our account of what tears are as a phenomenon will make no distinction between weeping in grief and watering eyes. | ||
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| + | 3. We can account for tears only by suggesting mechanisms of either physiological or ‘psychosomatic’ causation. | ||
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| + | What possible experiment however, could be devised that would provide ‘reliable’ quantitative evidence of a causal relation between a psychic state such as grief and its somatic expression in tears? We would first of all have to be in a position to ‘measure’ grief. Heidegger again: “How does one measure grief? One obviously can’t measure it at all. Why not? Were one to apply a method of measurement to grief we would offend against the meaning of grief and would have already ruled out in advance the grief as grief. The very attempt to measure would offend against the phenomenon as phenomenon.” | ||
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| + | Heidegger goes on to emphasise that the fact that we speak of someone grieving less or more intensely, does not mean we are speaking of a measurable quantity of grief, but rather of its quality. We are referring to qualitative depth and intensity. As for the tears that can supposedly be accounted for as something ‘caused’ by grief, we are once again offending against the phenomenon as phenomenon. Tears as tears - as expressions of sadness or unhappiness, | ||
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| + | Heidegger goes on to question how things stand with the phenomenon of pain, comparing for example the pain of grief with bodily pain of some sort. | ||
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| + | “How do things stand regarding both these ‘pains’? | ||
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| + | Any account we might give in such terms of pain as a phenomenon, or any typology of pain phenomena we might construct - distinguishing somatic and emotional pain, real and imaginary pain etc. would both immediately foreclose the question of what the phenomenon itself - pain as such - essentially is. But the question of what pain itself essentially is and how it can be accounted for is not the object of any possible experiment. It is first and foremost a question of what it means to us to ‘be in pain’ i.e. the different ways (mental, emotional and physical) in which we are aware of being in pain, and the different ways in which we interpret, emotionalise and embody pain as a state of being. | ||
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| + | The modern scientific method rules out in advance as possible objects of scientific investigation all phenomena that cannot be reduced to observable and measurable sensory ‘phenomena’ such as ‘tear’ drops or electrical ‘pain’ signals. In doing so it rules out any genuinely empirical approach to phenomena as such - any exploration of the way we actually experience those phenomenon. But that is precisely the task of any genuinely empirical, genuinely phenomenological science. | ||
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| + | Whilst science is itself a human activity which assumes the existence of aware human beings capable of creating hypotheses and testing them through experimental observations and measurements, | ||
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| + | What we are left with then, is a ‘method’ which seeks ‘scientific’ explanations for phenomena but at the same time: | ||
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| + | · forgets that awareness is the condition for our observation and measurement of any phenomena whatsoever | ||
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| + | · either takes our awareness of phenomena for granted or seeks to reduce this awareness to one phenomenon amongst others | ||
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| + | · is based on unverifiable postulations of physical energies and entities inaccessible to direct awareness | ||
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| + | · is unable, in principle, to explain how awareness can arise within a fundamentally unaware universe of matter and energy | ||
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| + | · assumes the scientist’s own awareness of phenomena without ‘proving’ this awareness or questioning the view of phenomena it presents | ||
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| + | One might ask how such a blatantly self-contradictory concept of scientific ‘truth’ and scientific ‘method’ managed to ever justify itself. It has done so by maintaining the myth that awareness or subjectivity is essentially private property. Because of this, subjective experience and subjective phenomena are seen as essentially unverifiable, | ||
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| + | </ | ||
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| + | {{tag> | ||
