estudos:harman:ontologia-orientada-ao-objeto
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| + | ====== Ontologia orientada-ao-objeto ====== | ||
| + | (SRI:C3) | ||
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| + | ==== Pensamento Moderno ==== | ||
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| + | === Filósofos e Estudos === | ||
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| + | //HARMAN, Graham. Speculative Realism. An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018, Capítulo 3.// | ||
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| + | <tabbox português> | ||
| + | Como mencionado anteriormente, | ||
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| + | Isso nos leva a uma segunda leitura generalizada que o OOO deseja corrigir, uma que infelizmente é produzida pela leitura incorreta de Heidegger de seu grande experimento mental. Mencionamos a diferença entre entes-utilizáveis e entes-subsistentes, | ||
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| + | Até esse momento, a leitura OOO de Heidegger já estabeleceu dois pontos contra-intuitivos. Primeiro, teoria e prática não são dois termos de uma grande oposição filosófica, | ||
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| + | Agora temos o modelo OOO básico do cosmos: ele está cheio de objetos que se afastam, incapazes de contato direto. Aqui encontramos outro aspecto dessa filosofia que muitos críticos acham difícil de engolir. Pois não é óbvio que os objetos se influenciam o tempo todo? A ciência não calcula essas interações com uma precisão extraordinária, | ||
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| + | Embora isso possa parecer nada mais do que um capítulo pitoresco da história dos primórdios da filosofia, uma variante desse ocasionalismo é encontrada em filosofias modernas de aparência mais contemporânea, | ||
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| + | Essa solução, curiosamente, | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | As mentioned earlier, OOO began from an interpretation of Heidegger, whom I still regard as the leading philosopher of the twentieth century: “it occurred to me at a certain point fairly early [in 1991 or 1992] that all of Heidegger boils down to … just one fundamental opposition that keeps recurring, whether he’s talking about being or tools or [human] Dasein or anything else: a constant, monotonous reversal between the hiddenness of things and their visible presence-at-hand” (369). The tool-analysis occupies an undeniably important place in Heidegger’s philosophy, comprising the first concrete discussion in his major book Being and Time, and also making up the centerpiece of his first university lecture course eight years earlier: Towards the Definition of Philosophy. Whereas Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology asks us to focus solely on how everything appears to us, the rebellious young Heidegger points out that appearance is a fairly rare case in human experience. For the most part, we simply rely on entities or take them for granted, usually noticing them only when they break or otherwise go wrong. This is why Heidegger presents us with his basic difference between ready-to-hand equipment (Zuhandenheit) and present-at-hand entities (Vorhandeheit). The distinction is well known even to beginners in Heidegger studies, and specialist scholars in the field always feel confident that they understand this opposition fully. Nonetheless, | ||
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| + | This brings us to a second widespread misreading that OOO wishes to correct, one that is unfortunately produced by Heidegger’s misreading of his own great thought experiment. We mentioned the difference between ready-to-hand equipment and present-at-hand entities, and even for Heidegger an entity can shift its status from one to the other. At one moment we unconsciously use the hammer while absorbed in the purpose of building a new café; in the next moment the hammer has shattered in our hands, becoming the explicit object of our attention and annoyance. So far, so good. But Heidegger also claims that ready-to-hand equipment such as the functional hammer belongs to a total system of relations, while present-at-hand entities such as a broken hammer have become isolated and broken off from their previous relational being. On top of this, Heidegger pastes a rank-order onto his distinction, | ||
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| + | Up to this point, the OOO reading of Heidegger has already established two counterintuitive points. First, theory and practice are not two terms of a grand philosophical opposition but are both ways of dealing with things that come up short of exhausting them; looking at a tree, developing theories about it, and using it for shade or lumber are all translations of the tree that never deploy its full reality. Second, the pair “ready-to-hand” and “present-at-hand” is not equivalent to the pair “relational reality” and “non-relational reality.” Both of Heidegger’s famous modes of intraworldly being (Zuhandeheit, | ||
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| + | We now have the basic OOO model of the cosmos: it is packed full of objects that withdraw from each other, incapable of direct contact. Here we encounter another aspect of this philosophy that many critics find hard to swallow. For is it not obviously the case that objects influence each other all the time? Does science not calculate these interactions with extraordinary precision, using the results to make badly needed medical devices and launch probes deep into the solar system? OOO is aware of this, of course. Its point is not that objects do not make contact, but that they cannot do so directly. In an obvious-looking case such as two billiard balls colliding on a table, the collision obviously occurs; we do not dispute this point. But as seen from the OOO reading of Heidegger’s tool-analysis, | ||
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| + | While this might seem like nothing more than a quaint closed chapter from the history of early modern philosophy, a variant of such occasionalism is found in more contemporary-looking modern philosophies such as those of Hume and Kant. While neither of these thinkers claims that causation is a matter of divine intervention, | ||
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| + | That solution, oddly enough, comes from the phenomenology of Heidegger’s teacher Husserl. Although Husserl still has numerous allies who claim that he already knew what Heidegger teaches us about the withdrawal of things from immediate presence, this claim is untenable. For Husserl, it would be absurd to consider that something might exist that is not in principle the object of some conscious mind; in other words, Kant’s thing-in-itself is a contradictory notion. This puts him on the same side as the German Idealists in their dispute with Kant. As for Heidegger, though he is certainly not a consistent realist, and while he perpetually overstates the role of human Dasein in his philosophy, he is also the one who wrote as follows in his famous book on Kant: “What is the significance of the struggle initiated in German Idealism against the ‘thing in itself’ except a growing forgetfulness of what Kant had won, namely, the knowledge that the intrinsic possibility and necessity of metaphysics … are, at bottom, sustained and maintained by the original development and searching study of the problem of finitude? | ||
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