obra:ga26:monadologia-89a91
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| + | ===== MONADOLOGIA (89-91) ===== | ||
| + | <tabbox Norro> | ||
| + | Ante todo debemos fijar dos puntos: 1.° La monadología, | ||
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| + | Recordemos una vez más el contexto de problemas que ha de guiamos. Buscamos, de la mano de la monadología, | ||
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| + | Ya la expresión que Leibniz elige para designar la substancialidad de la sustancia es característica: | ||
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| + | La dirección según la cual Leibniz trata de comprender la esencia de la sustancia de un modo nuevo, más originario y universal, se pone de manifiesto si recordamos los intentos inmediatamente anteriores de Descartes y Spinoza. Descartes dice en los Principia Philosophiae (I, 51): per substantiam nihil aliud intelligere possumus, quam rem quae ita existit, ut nulla alia re indigeat ad existendum . Lo característico de ella se ve en su no menesterosidad. En Spinoza se dice (Ethica I, def. 3): Per substantiam intelligo id, quod in se est, et per se concipitur: hoc est id, cujus conceptus non indiget conceptu alterius rei, a quo formari debeat . Según esta definición la sustancia se da en sí, pero también aquí lo esencial sigue estando determinado negativamente. | ||
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| + | El darse-en-sí, | ||
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| + | Hemos escuchado que la monadología es una metafísica general; sin embargo, o precisamente por ello, debe estar orientada a todos los entes. Así también el problema candente del ser de la naturaleza, (91) tanto de la físico-inorgánica como de la orgánica, que era un problema candente en la época de Leibniz, es un hilo conductor de la concepción de la monadología, | ||
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| + | <tabbox Heim> | ||
| + | Two things must first be emphasized: 1) The monadology as an interpretation of the substantiality of substance defines the being of genuine beings. It is ontology, metaphysics. And it is general metaphysics, | ||
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| + | I want to recall again the guiding context of the Problem. On the basis of the monadology, we want to know about the being of beings (of substance). We learned previously, however, that being, the subject about which judgment is made, is defined by the whole of mutually compatible marks, by their coherence, by identity as the unity of this multiplicity. Is there a connection, and what sort of connection, between the interpretation of being as identity and the interpretation of being as monad? Does discovery of this connection give us insight into what we seek: the metaphysical foundations of Leibniz’s logic – and with it a paradigmatic insight into the deep roots logic has in metaphysics? | ||
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| + | The expression Leibniz chose to designate the substantiality of substance is already indicative: “monad.” The Greek word μονάς means the simple, unity, the one. But it means also: the individual, the solitary. Leibniz uses this term only later, after he had developed his metaphysics of substance, after 1696. He took the (73) term from Giordano Bruno via Francis Mercury van Helmont. All the Greek meanings are contained, as it were, in what Leibniz intends by the term. The essence of substance resides in its being a monad. Genuine being has the character of the simple “unit” of the individual, of what stands by itself. To anticipate, the monad is that which simply originally unifies and which individuates in advance. | ||
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| + | The direction in which Leibniz attempts to conceive the nature of substance anew, and more primordially and universally, | ||
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| + | “To reside in itself, to be irreducibly at the basis of,” belonged to the conception of substance since ancient times, as the designation ὑποκείμενον indicates. What Descartes and Spinoza add to this is essentially negative, or rather, relates to the manner in which substance is conceived. Leibniz, on the contrary, desires a positive definition of the substantiality of substance. To what extent does describing substance as monad, as “unit,” achieve such a positive interpretation, | ||
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| + | We said monadology is general metaphysics. Precisely because of this, it must be oriented to all beings. Thus the burning problem in Leibniz’s era, the problem of the being of nature, of the physical-inorganic as well as the organic, becomes then a guiding clue for the development of the monadology – Not, to be sure, the only and ultimately decisive clue. | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | Zunächst müssen Wir uns ein Doppeltes einprägen: 1. Die Monadologie soll als Interpretation der Substanzialität der Substanz das Sein des eigentlich Seienden bestimmen. Sie ist also Ontologie, Metaphysik. Und zwar allgemeine Metaphysik, denn es soll ein Seinsbegriff gewonnen Werden, der jedes eigentlich Seiende betrifft, sei es physische Natur, Lebendes (Pflanze, Tier), Existierendes im Sinne des Menschen, Gott; zugleich freilich muß der Seinsbegriff ermöglichen, | ||
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| + | Sodann erinnere Ich noch einmal an den leitenden Problemzusammenhang: | ||
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| + | Schon der Ausdruck, den Leibniz zur Kennzeichnung der Substanzialität der Substanz wählt, ist charakteristisch: | ||
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| + | Die Richtung, nach der Leibniz das Wesen der Substanz neu und ursprünglicher und universaler zu fassen sucht, wird deutlich, wenn wir an die unmittelbar vorangegangenen Versuche von Descartes und Spinoza erinnern. Descartes sagt in den »Principia Philosophiae« (I, 51): Per substantiam nihil aliud intelligere possumus quam rem quae ita existit, ut nulla alia re indigeat ad existendum. In der Unbedürftigkeit wird Hier das Charakteristische gesehen. Bei Spinoza heißt es (Ethica I, def. 3): Per substantiam intelligo id, quod in se est, et per se concipitur: hoc est id, cujus conceptus non indiget conceptu alterius rei, a quo formari debeat. Nach dieser Definition ist die Substanz in sich bestehend; aber auch hier bleibt das Wesentliche negativ bestimmt. | ||
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| + | Das In-sich-bestehen, | ||
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| + | Wir hörten: die Monadologie ist eine allgemeine Metaphysik; gleichwohl oder gerade deshalb muß sie an Allem Seienden orientiert sein. So ist denn auch das zu Leibnizens (91) Zeiten brennende Problem des Seins der Natur, der physischanorganischen ebenso wie der organischen, | ||
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