obra:ga20:ciencia-1a3
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| + | ===== CIÊNCIA (1-3) ===== | ||
| + | <tabbox Aspiunza> | ||
| + | Al nombrar los conceptos de historia y de naturaleza de entrada pensamos en los respectivos dominios de objetos investigados por los dos grupos principales de ciencias empíricas (ciencias de la naturaleza, y ciencias del espíritu, la cultura y la historia). Tendemos, por costumbre, a entender historia y naturaleza de la manera como las entienden las ciencias que de ellas se ocupan. De ese modo, sin embargo, nos resultan accesibles sólo en la medida en que lo son en cuanto objetos temáticos de dichas ciencias. | ||
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| + | (16) Mas no está estipulado que un dominio de objetos tenga que dar necesariamente también el campo de cosas verdadero, sólo a partir del cual se recorta la temática de las ciencias. No está escrito que, por el hecho de que la ciencia de la historia trate de la historia, esta historia, tal como se entiende en la ciencia, tenga que ser necesariamente también la realidad histórica verdadera. Y, sobre todo, no está escrito que el conocimiento histórico de la realidad histórica sea capaz siempre de ver la historia en su historicidad. Pudiera ser que para el modo científico posible de alumbrar un campo de cosas haya algo esencial que necesariamente le quede cerrado; es más, que le tenga que quedar cerrado, si la ciencia quiere responder a su cometido más propio. En el caso presente, ya esa separación entre dos dominios podría ser un indicador de que hay una trama de cosas (Sachzusammenhang) unitaria y originaria que permanece encubierta, y a la que jamás se podrá volver a llegar por más que se junten luego ambos dominios: naturaleza y espíritu en el todo de la existencia humana. | ||
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| + | Son las ciencias las primeras en dar lugar a la separación, | ||
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| + | <tabbox Kisiel> | ||
| + | In naming history and nature together, we are reminded first of all of the domains of objects which are investigated by the two main groups of empirical sciences (natural science and human science, the latter sometimes being called cultural science or historical science). We tend to understand history and nature by way of the sciences which investigate them. But then history and nature would be accessible only insofar as they are objects thematized in these sciences. But it is Not certain whether a domain of objects necessarily also gives us the actual area of subject matter out of which the thematic of the sciences is first carved. To say that the science of history deals with history does not necessarily mean that history as this science understands it is as such also the authentic reality of history. Above all, no claim is made as to whether historiological knowledge of historical reality ever enables us to see history in its historicity. It might well be that something essential necessarily remains closed to the potentially scientific way of disclosing a particular field of subject matter; indeed, must remain closed if the science wishes to perform its proper function. In the case before (GA20 2-3) us, the separation of the two domains may well indicate that an original and undivided context of subject matter remains hidden and that it cannot be restored by a subsequent effort to bring the two, nature and spirit, together within the whole of human Dasein. | ||
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| + | The separation comes first from the sciences, which reduce history and nature to the level of domains of objects. But the phenomenology of history and nature promises to disclose reality precisely as it shows itself before scientific inquiry, as the reality which is already given to it. Here it is not a matter of a phenomenology of the sciences of history and nature, or even of a phenomenology of history and nature as objects of these sciences, but of a phenomenological disclosure of the original kind of being and constitution of both. In this way, the basis for a philosophy of these sciences is first created, serving 1) to provide the foundation for their genesis from pretheoretical experience, 2) to exhibit the kind of access they have to the pregiven reality, and 3) to specify the kind of concept formation which accrues to such research. Because reality—nature as well as history—can be reached only by leaping over the sciences to some extent, this prescientific—actually philosophical—disclosure of them becomes what I call a productive logic, an anticipatory disclosure and conceptual penetration of potential domains of objects for the sciences. Unlike traditional philosophy of science, which proceeds after the fact of an accidental, historically given science in order to investigate its structure, such a logic leaps ahead into the primary field of subject matter of a potential science and first makes available the basic structure of the possible object of the science by disclosing the constitution of the being of that field. This is the procedure of the original logic put forward by Plato and Aristotle, of course only within very narrow limits. Since then, the idea of logic lapsed into obscurity and Was no longer understood. Hence phenomenology has the task of making the domain of the subject matter comprehensible before its scientific treatment and, on this basis, the latter as well. | ||
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| + | Our path to the fields of subject matter is therefore not by way of the theory of the factually available sciences. This is shown by the sense of the present crisis of the sciences, if we truly understand what this means. Nowadays, we speak of a crisis of the sciences in a twofold sense. First, there is the sense in which contemporary Man, especially among the young, feels that he has lost an original relationship to the sciences. Recall the discussion evoked by Max Weber’s lecture on this subject, which was so despairing over the sciences and their meaning. Taking Weber’s standpoint to be that of despair and helplessness, | ||
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| + | <tabbox Original> | ||
| + | bei der Nennung der beiden Begriffe Geschichte und Natur denken Wir Zunächst an die jeweiligen Gegenstands gebiete für die Wissenschaften, | ||
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| + | Die Trennung ergibt sieb erst von den Wissenschaften her; Geschichte und Natur sind Hier auf Gegenstandsgebiete nivelliert. Phänomenologie von Geschichte und Natur soll aber gerade die Wirklichkeit Erschließen, | ||
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| + | Daß nicht auf dem Wege über die Theorie der faktisch vorhandenen Wissenschaften zu den Sachfeldem vorzudringen ist, zeigt der rechtverstandene Sinn der heutigen Krisis der Wissenschaften. Man spricht heute in einem doppelten Sinne von einer Krisis der Wissenschaften: | ||
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